2022考研英语语法大全
冠词(article)
一、单数可数名词 单数可数名词前必须加冠词,a(an)表示泛指或类指,the表示特指或类指。
例句: washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. (选自XX年text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主句是washington overcame the strong opposition..., who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰washington,该句中又有一个that引导的从句作believe的宾语。
译文: 在美国独立战争期间目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后,华盛顿才开始认为人生来平等。他克服了亲人的强烈反对,在遗嘱中给自己的奴隶们自由。
例句: while the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (选自XX年part c)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中supplied to them by lawyers作定语修饰interpretations,undue reliance意为“过分依赖”。
译文: 虽然法律报道的质量各不相同,但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的解释。
二、定冠词the的用法
在下述几种情况下须用定冠词the:表示世界上独一无二的名词,用在可数名词单数或某些形容词前代表一类人或事物,用在形容词、副词最高级和序数词和only之前。乐器名称前要加定冠词the。
如:
the sun the moon the universe the camel
the blind the largest island the only student the piano
例句: the universe works in a way so far removed from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (1998年第19题)
分析: 该句是复合句,what common sense would allow...作介词from的宾语从句,该句中还包含一个so...that...从句。
译文: 宇宙运行的方式与常识所允许的构思相距甚远,因此任何一种语言也必然不足以把它解释清楚。
例句: but somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil. (选自XX年text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干结构是more artists began seeing happiness as..., 而as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil是一个状语从句。
译文: 但是从19世纪的某个时候开始,当我们从华兹华斯的《水仙花》转向波德莱尔的《恶之花》时,越来越多的艺术家开始把快乐看做是毫无意义的、虚假的甚至是令人厌倦的东西。
三、人名、地名等专有名词
人名、地名等专有名词前一般不用冠词,但在海洋、河流、山脉、群岛以及含有普通名词的专有名词前一般加定冠词。
如:
the atlantic ocean (大西洋)
the red sea (红海)
the society for anglo chinese understanding (英中了解协会)
the special economic zone (经济特区)
例句: the four special economic zones(sezs) in guangdong and fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities and hainan island have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. (选自far eastern economic review)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 广东与福建两省的四个经济特区、14个沿海开放城市及海南岛都有专门为外国投资者制定的税收及其他鼓励投资政策。
四、抽象名词和物质名词
抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,则一定要加定冠词。
例句: i admire the patience of scientific workers, which gives me much revelation.
分析: 该句是复合句,包含一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句。
译文: 我钦佩科研工作者的耐心,那给了我很多启示。
五、动名词
动名词前一般不加冠词,但表示确定特指含义的动名词前要加定冠词。
例句: some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中requiring...在句中作主语补足语,对主语some uniforms作进一步解释说明,形容词短语possible with many types of civilian clothes在句中作定语修饰the home laundering。
译文: 有些制服维护费用也比较昂贵,需要专业清洗,而不能使用洗涤其他普通衣物的家庭洗涤方式。
六、一般不加冠词的一些名词
1. 节日前一般不加冠词,如christmas,但也有例外。
如:
the spring festival(春节)
the mid autumn festival(中秋节)
the dragon boat festival(端午节)
例句: before the spring festival, the leaders of the village made the house to house survey, inquiring in each family about their needs and problems.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中inquiring in each family about their needs and problems在句中作伴随状语。
译文: 在春节前夕,村中的领导挨家挨户地走访,询问每个家庭的需要和问题。
2. 一日三餐表示一般意义时,其前面不用冠词,但表示特殊含义时可用a或the。
例句: my little son had a big breakfast this morning,and it was the very breakfast that made him uncomfortable the whole day.
分析: 该句是并列句,其中第二个分句是一个强调句。
译文: 小儿子今早吃得太多,就是这顿早餐使他一整天都不舒服。
3. 公园、街道、体育项目、游戏等名称前一般不用冠词,季节、月份等日期前一般不用冠词,但表示特指时须加冠词。
例句: long after the 1998 world cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中定语从句that denied victory to their team修饰decisions。
译文: 尽管1998年世界杯早已尘埃落定,但失望的球迷仍然对那个使自己球队痛失胜利的有争议的判罚耿耿于怀。
名词的所有格
名词的格是表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间意义关系的形式,英语中格的形式有普通格(common case)和属格(genitive case),属格又被称为所有格,当名词在句中表示所有关系时,名词便采用属格形式,属格分为两种:一种是?s属格,另一种是由介词词组构成的of属格。
单数名词加?s,复数名词加“?”(不以s结尾的复数名词仍加“?s”),如:
a boy?s sister
the children?s holiday
the teachers? room
例句: and if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, gordon says that by and large, “you could use today?s data and feel fairly confident.” (选自XX年text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分是gordon says that...。
译文: 如果你需要预测人类在不久将来的身高情况以设计一种新的衣服,戈登认为基本上“你可以使用今天的(身高)数据,并且感到颇有信心。”
用s属格时应注意以下问题:
(一)复合名词在最后一个词后加“?s”
如:
my sister in law?s present (我嫂子的礼物)
the commander in chief?s wife (总司令的妻子)
the grandson?s toys (孙子的玩具)
(二)由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组所有格
由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组,如在最后一个词后加?s表示并列名词的共有关系;如各个名词后都加?s则表示并列各名词的所有关系,如:
tom and john?s car/tom?s and john?s cars
前者指tom和john两人共有的一辆汽车;后者指tom和john两人各自的汽车,故用复数cars。
(三)s属格和of短语的所有格
s属格和of短语都可表示所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系,但表示类别时只能用?s所有格。
如:
women?s shoes (女鞋)
students? books (学生用书)
a master?s degree (研究生学位)
例句: and even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
分析:该句是倒装句,正常句序是the young brain?s...in new ways is even more incredible,主语中to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine...在句中作定语修饰ability。
译文: 更令人难以相信的是,幼儿能从其周围杂乱的声音中识别语言顺序,并能分析和按新的方式组合与重新组合语言成分。
名词的单复数
(一)不可数名词
a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可数名词
例句: the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.
(1995年第14题)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构,进一步解释说明one man; who lived...是非限制性定语从句,解释说明prince henry。
译文: 葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉,此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。
例句: if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自XX年part c)
分析: 该句是复合句。主句we may well believe...中带有that引导的宾语从句, if引导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的宾语,短语made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得进展”。
译文: 每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响,如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展,那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。
(二)复数可数名词
some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +复数可数名词
例句: plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (选自XX年use of english)
分析: 该句是并列句,在第二个句子中they?ve apparently learned是一个省略关系代词的定语从句,修饰things。
译文: 许多别的物种能够学习,而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习。
例句: but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (选自XX年part b)
分析: 该句是简单句。其中短语“in favor of ”的意思是“赞成,支持;有利于”。
译文: 但在20世纪初,许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论,转而支持文化传播论。
(三)单复数形式相同的名词
meansseriesspeciessheep
deerfishgrouse(松鸡)plaice(鲽鱼)
swine(野猪)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(维也纳人)japanese
chineseportugueseswisscraft
aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(气垫船)
例句: the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...mars作定语修饰the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位语从句。
译文: 环绕火星的两艘宇宙飞船接收到的数据表明, 有充分的证据表明该行星的赤道附近正下着大暴雨。
例句: crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33题)
译文: 许多动物物种日渐减少, 用危机一词来描述再恰当不过了。
(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式, 与动词复数连用
表示由两部分组成的物体名词,如:
calipers(卡钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pants
pliers(钳子)scissors trousers shoes
jeans shorts(短裤)
这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式,前有a pair of修饰时,谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。
例句: i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?
译文: 我想把行李过一下磅,有磅秤吗?
例句: the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.
译文: 姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜,而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。
另外还有: arms goodsclothes
contents headquarters minutes(会议记录)
regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,问候)
thanks fireworks(烟火)archives(档案)
例句: my wages are the principle source of my income.
译文: 薪金是我收入的主要来源。
(五)有些名词虽以s结尾,却表示单数概念,谓语动词用单数形式
1. 学科名称:
politics linguistics
physics economics
mathematics ethics
electronics informatics
mechanics(力学) statistics
acoustics(声学)athletics
phonetics(语音学)
例句: talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (XX年第8题)
分析: 该句是复合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引导宾语从句,since引导时间状语从句。
译文: 与从事药品工业的人一交谈,你就会发现自从盘尼西林被研制出以后,遗传学是对药品研究最大的冲击。
2.游戏名称,如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投镖游戏)、 billiards(弹子戏)、 cards(纸牌)以及专有名词,如 naples(那不勒斯),the united states,the new york times等,但表示瀑布、山脉、岛屿的以s结尾的专有名词常表复数。
例句: today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.
分析: 该句是复合句,that the people of various countries like作定语修饰sports activity。
译文: 今天,斯诺克台球已经成为各国人民普遍喜爱的一项国际性的体育活动。
例句: naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.
译文: 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一个重要海港。
(六)集体名词数的问题
1. 有些集体名词后接单数动词,如:
merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage
baggage foliage(树叶)
例句: modern machinery has been installed in the company.
译文: 公司已经安装了现代化的机械。
例句: this class of merchandise is usually sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.
译文: 这种商品通常在付款交单的基础上出售。
2.有些集体名词后接复数动词,如:
people police poultry clergy(教士)
vermin(害虫)cattle militia(民兵)
例句: these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.
译文: 这些害虫对庄稼有害,应该尽快把它们消灭掉。
例句: all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.
译文: 为了消除威胁,香港屠杀了所有家禽。
3.有些集体名词,如:
audience boardfamily class couple crew
committeegovernment jury party team public
company
做整体讲时,谓语动词用单数;当看做集体的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数。
例句: my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.
译文: 我家人都喜欢顶碗的游戏,所以很少错过相关节目。
例句: my family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.
译文: 我们家是一个大家庭,于是邻居们常称我们家为大家庭。
注: 需要强调个体时,集体名词一般应使用单位词,如:
three heads of cattle 三头牛
a piece of luggage 一件行李
(七)有些名词单复数形式不同,词义也发生变化
例如: air(空气)——airs(样子,摆架子)
anxiety(焦虑)——anxieties(令人忧虑的事)
brain(大脑)——brains(智力)
custom(风俗)——customs(海关)
damage(损坏)——damages(赔偿金)
delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)
disorder(混乱)——disorders(小病,病痛)
experience(经验)——experiences(经历)
fear(恐惧)——fears(担心)
glass(玻璃)——glasses(眼镜)
joy(快乐)——joys(令人快乐的人或事)
kindness(善意)——kindnesses(善行)
pity(怜悯)——pities(不幸)
people(人民)——peoples(民族)
security(安全)——securities(证券,债券)
time(时间)——times(时代)
work(工作)——works(作品)
authority(权威,权力)——authorities(官方,当局)
例句: they want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中expose sb. to sth.意为“使某人暴露在……之下”。
译文: 他们想让那些教育背景欠佳的学生接受一种既有创造性又能丰富人生的为期五年的教育。
例句: the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介词短语,作a central organization的定语。
译文: 首先创办一个有权管理技术经济工作的中心组织,以便更好地实现各独立国家之间的结合。
名词的单复数
(一)不可数名词
a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可数名词
例句: the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.
(1995年第14题)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构,进一步解释说明one man; who lived...是非限制性定语从句,解释说明prince henry。
译文: 葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉,此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。
例句: if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自XX年part c)
分析: 该句是复合句。主句we may well believe...中带有that引导的宾语从句, if引导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的宾语,短语made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得进展”。
译文: 每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响,如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展,那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。
(二)复数可数名词
some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +复数可数名词
例句: plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (选自XX年use of english)
分析: 该句是并列句,在第二个句子中they?ve apparently learned是一个省略关系代词的定语从句,修饰things。
译文: 许多别的物种能够学习,而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习。
例句: but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (选自XX年part b)
分析: 该句是简单句。其中短语“in favor of ”的意思是“赞成,支持;有利于”。
译文: 但在20世纪初,许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论,转而支持文化传播论。
(三)单复数形式相同的名词
meansseriesspeciessheep
deerfishgrouse(松鸡)plaice(鲽鱼)
swine(野猪)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(维也纳人)japanese
chineseportugueseswisscraft
aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(气垫船)
例句: the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...mars作定语修饰the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位语从句。
译文: 环绕火星的两艘宇宙飞船接收到的数据表明, 有充分的证据表明该行星的赤道附近正下着大暴雨。
例句: crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33题)
译文: 许多动物物种日渐减少, 用危机一词来描述再恰当不过了。
(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式, 与动词复数连用
表示由两部分组成的物体名词,如:
calipers(卡钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pants
pliers(钳子)scissors trousers shoes
jeans shorts(短裤)
这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式,前有a pair of修饰时,谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。
例句: i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?
译文: 我想把行李过一下磅,有磅秤吗?
例句: the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.
译文: 姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜,而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。
另外还有: arms goodsclothes
contents headquarters minutes(会议记录)
regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,问候)
thanks fireworks(烟火)archives(档案)
例句: my wages are the principle source of my income.
译文: 薪金是我收入的主要来源。
(五)有些名词虽以s结尾,却表示单数概念,谓语动词用单数形式
1. 学科名称:
politics linguistics
physics economics
mathematics ethics
electronics informatics
mechanics(力学) statistics
acoustics(声学)athletics
phonetics(语音学)
例句: talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (XX年第8题)
分析: 该句是复合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引导宾语从句,since引导时间状语从句。
译文: 与从事药品工业的人一交谈,你就会发现自从盘尼西林被研制出以后,遗传学是对药品研究最大的冲击。
2.游戏名称,如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投镖游戏)、 billiards(弹子戏)、 cards(纸牌)以及专有名词,如 naples(那不勒斯),the united states,the new york times等,但表示瀑布、山脉、岛屿的以s结尾的专有名词常表复数。
例句: today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.
分析: 该句是复合句,that the people of various countries like作定语修饰sports activity。
译文: 今天,斯诺克台球已经成为各国人民普遍喜爱的一项国际性的体育活动。
例句: naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.
译文: 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一个重要海港。
(六)集体名词数的问题
1. 有些集体名词后接单数动词,如:
merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage
baggage foliage(树叶)
例句: modern machinery has been installed in the company.
译文: 公司已经安装了现代化的机械。
例句: this class of merchandise is usually sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.
译文: 这种商品通常在付款交单的基础上出售。
2.有些集体名词后接复数动词,如:
people police poultry clergy(教士)
vermin(害虫)cattle militia(民兵)
例句: these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.
译文: 这些害虫对庄稼有害,应该尽快把它们消灭掉。
例句: all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.
译文: 为了消除威胁,香港屠杀了所有家禽。
3.有些集体名词,如:
audience boardfamily class couple crew
committeegovernment jury party team public
company
做整体讲时,谓语动词用单数;当看做集体的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数。
例句: my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.
译文: 我家人都喜欢顶碗的游戏,所以很少错过相关节目。
例句: my family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.
译文: 我们家是一个大家庭,于是邻居们常称我们家为大家庭。
注: 需要强调个体时,集体名词一般应使用单位词,如:
three heads of cattle 三头牛
a piece of luggage 一件行李
(七)有些名词单复数形式不同,词义也发生变化
例如: air(空气)——airs(样子,摆架子)
anxiety(焦虑)——anxieties(令人忧虑的事)
brain(大脑)——brains(智力)
custom(风俗)——customs(海关)
damage(损坏)——damages(赔偿金)
delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)
disorder(混乱)——disorders(小病,病痛)
experience(经验)——experiences(经历)
fear(恐惧)——fears(担心)
glass(玻璃)——glasses(眼镜)
joy(快乐)——joys(令人快乐的人或事)
kindness(善意)——kindnesses(善行)
pity(怜悯)——pities(不幸)
people(人民)——peoples(民族)
security(安全)——securities(证券,债券)
time(时间)——times(时代)
work(工作)——works(作品)
authority(权威,权力)——authorities(官方,当局)
例句: they want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中expose sb. to sth.意为“使某人暴露在……之下”。
译文: 他们想让那些教育背景欠佳的学生接受一种既有创造性又能丰富人生的为期五年的教育。
例句: the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介词短语,作a central organization的定语。
译文: 首先创办一个有权管理技术经济工作的中心组织,以便更好地实现各独立国家之间的结合。
动词
动词是表示动作或状态的词,根据其意义和作用,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。动词涉及的内容很多,本书仅就研究生考试中常涉及的动词时态、时态一致以及部分情态动词作深入讲解。
一、时态(tense)
时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式,英语动词的时态有16种,但在研究生考试以及其他考试中常考的时态只有几种。不管何种时态,所包含的主要内容都是相同的,即时态的构成以及用法。这里着重讲解重要时态的用法。
(一)一般现在时(simple present tense)
1. 表示客观真理或科学事实。
例句: the moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one sixth of that at the earth?s surface.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修饰a mass;in consequence后是另一个并列句。
译文: 月球的质量差不多是地球质量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: one difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. by this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (XX年第8题)
分析: 该句由两个句子构成,前一个是简单句,后一个句子是复合句;that后是一宾语从句。
译文: 翻译中的一个难点在于找到一个相对应的概念。这就是说,在翻译过程中一种语言的概念会丢失或发生意义上的改变。
2. 表示现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的状态,常与always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等时间状语连用。
例句: it?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 该句是复合句,从句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位语;when后省略了people are。
译文: 人们在暴怒时通常会丧失理智。
例句: physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (选自XX年text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分为physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分词短语frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定语;从句what is scientifically justified作介词beyond 的宾语。
译文: 医生由于不能够治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,因而常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超过了科学所能认同的界限。
3. 表示按计划进行的将来动作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等词。
例句: when he comes, please inform him of all that i have just told you.
分析: 该句是复合句。该复合句中包含when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句。
译文: 他来时,请转告他我告诉你的一切。
4. 用在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
例句: he will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 该句中的the moment为连词,意为“一……就”,相当于as soon as。
译文:他一结束工作就会来。
例句: if it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.
译文: 如果明天天气好的话,我们将去逛商场。
5. 表示主语的能力、性格、个性等。
例句: as an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2022. (XX年第25题)
分析: 该句是简单句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
译文: 作为一门产业,生物技术在营业额上可以与电子业相媲美,并且到了2022年还有可能在社会影响上超过它。
例句: the director treats his staff as equals.
译文: 主任对其下属一视同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: a fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
译文: 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。
例句: histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
译文: 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
(二)现在完成时(present perfect tense)
1. 已完成用法: 表示动作在过去某一不明确的时间已完成,强调对现在的影响,这一用法常不带时间状语或可与不明确的时间状语连用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。
例句: i have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (XX年第48题)
分析: 该句是复合句。在because引导的原因状语从句中又加入了由while引导的让步状语从句。
译文: 我之所以将他(普通科学家)排除在外,是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题,但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。
例句:the same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (选自XX年text 3)
分析:该句是复合句。主句的主干部分是the same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk。that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices是一个定语从句,修饰changes;that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways是risk的同位语从句,介词短语in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways在该同位语从句中作状语,表示方式,修饰谓语动词voice。
译文:同样是这些重大的技术变革,在给营销商带来更多的(以及更多样化的)传播渠道选择的同时,也增加了风险,那就是热情洋溢的消费者将会以更快、更明显和更具破坏性的方式表达他们的观点。
2. 未完成用法: 表示动作从过去某时开始持续到现在,还有可能持续下去,强调持续性,这一用法要带表示一段时间的状语,如: recently, these days, for 3 years, since XX, over the past等。
例句: for example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 比如,人们早已知道,完全剥夺其睡眠对老鼠而言绝对是致命的。然而,在检验动物尸体时,那些动物看起来是完全正常的。
例句: since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (选自XX年text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句。句中定语从句that is dangerous,boring,burdensome...修饰work, since...在句中作状语。
译文: 自从人类具有了独创性以来,人们就发明了愈加精巧的工具来处理那些危险、无聊、麻烦或者仅仅是令人讨厌的工作。
3. 现在完成时用于时间或条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。
例句: i?ll help you when i have finished my work. i will return the book if i have finished it.
4. 下列表达方式后要用现在完成时。
this (that/it) is the first (second...)...
this (that/it) is the best (finest/worst/most interesting...)...
例句: this is the first time that china has had such negotiations with a g 7 member, the official said.
译文: 该官员说,这是中国与七国集团成员首次进行这样的谈判。
例句: this is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months.
译文: 几个月来他第一次真正感到放松。
注意: 如果主句动词表示过去时间,从句常用过去完成时;如果主句动词表示将来时间,从句仍使用现在完成时。
例句: it was the best picture that she had seen.
it will be the best picture that she has seen.
5. 有些时间状语常用于现在完成时态。
如:
up till nowso farat (for) the past (last) years
in recent yearsup to present
例句: for the past several years, the sunday newspaper supplement parade has featured a column called“ask marilyn”. (选自XX年text 2)
分析: 该句是简单句,其中called“ask marilyn”作后置定语,修饰a column。
译文: 在过去的几年里,《展示杂志》周日增刊上出现了一个叫做“向玛瑞林提问”的特色专栏。
(三)过去完成时(past perfect tense)
1. 表示过去某时刻以前发生和完成的动作,即过去的过去,常用于主从复合句中。
例句: she felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (XX年第4题)
分析: 该句是复合句。when引导的时间状语从句用的是过去完成时,所以主句只能用过去的时态;由于主句用的是一般过去时felt,那么其时间状语应用过去完成时,即 as后的完整形式应是as she had felt。
译文: 她举止谦逊、得体,就像他当初见到她时她所表现的那样: 金黄色的卷发,尖尖的红指甲。
例句: bolivar had received aid from haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (选自XX年use of english)
分析: 该句是复合句。he liberated是修饰the areas的定语,在从句前省略了作宾语的关系 代词which或that。
译文: 玻利瓦尔接受过海地的援助,作为同报,他承诺在解放的地区废除奴隶制。
2. 用于hardly...when, scarcely...when(before), no sooner...than(刚一……就)句型中。当hardly,scarcely,no sooner置于句首时,句子结构要倒装。
例句: no sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.
hardly had the teacher entered the classroom when the pupils were in absolute silence. (be in absolute silence可译为“鸦雀无声”)
3. 用于虚拟语气条件句中,表示与过去事实相反的假设。
例句: i would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but i was fully occupied the whole of last week. (1997年第4题)
分析: 该句是并列复合句。had it been at all possible是省略了if的倒装句,完整形式应为 if it had been...;本句but前是一个非真实条件句,表示与过去事实相反的假设。
译文: 如果有一点可能的话,我都会到医院去看望他,但我上个礼拜整个一周都没有空。
4.动词hope,expect,think,intend,want,mean,suppose,plan,believe等用于过去完成 时,表示未实现的希望、意图、计划等。
例句: mr. pelkmans is not among those who had believed that the ec?s single market is threatened by the doubt building over europe?s continued integration.
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who had believed...修饰those;that the ec?s single market is threatened...作believed的宾语;分词短语building over...作定语修饰the doubt。
译文: 有些人原以为对促进欧洲持续整合怀有的疑虑会威胁到欧共体的统一市场,佩尔克斯曼先生并不这么认为。
注意: 当连词after指明两个过去动作的时间先后顺序时,after从句中可用过去完成时,也可用一般过去时;在连词when引导的从句中,有时过去完成时与一般过去时可以互换使用;当before用作连词引导从句时,主句中过去完成时与一般过去时也可互换使用。
例句: julia left the room after she had turned off (turned off) the light.
when the teacher had left (left) the room, the pupils started talking.
before he entered college, he had served (served) in the army.
(四)一般将来时(simple future tense)
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+动词,表示单纯的将来含义。
例句: some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (XX年第23题)
分析: 该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。
译文: 有朝一日,软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译,而且能翻译得很好,以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。
例句: hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with hamlet hamburger bars, the lear lounge, the banquo banqueting room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自XX年text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure是插入语,从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
译文: 希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店,你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等,而且价格非常昂贵。
2. be going to+动词,表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事,也可表示对未来的预测。
例句: as long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。
译文: 一般来说,只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突,那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。
例句: clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly contested market. (选自XX年part c)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 显然,只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争 激烈的市场中生存。
3. be to+动词,表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事,常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。
例句:if gilbert and the philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between america?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自XX年text 4)
分析:该句是复合句。其中,在主句中,定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。
译文:如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功,他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。
例句: but his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (XX年第49题)
分析: 该句是复合句,本句主干为his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定语从句which governs his activity修饰the moral code;其中not...any more than意为“不……也不……”。
译文: 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
4.be about to+动词,表示最近即将发生的动作,不接时间状语。
例句: marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who is not about to pay compliments to...修饰a young man。
译文: 马林是个有独立思考能力的年轻人,他不会恭维他的政治领导人。
例句: his brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 该句是并列复合句,其中定语从句who was a school teacher修饰his brother。主干部分为his brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
译文: 他的哥哥是一位老师,已身无分文,并患上了胃溃疡,他的一个孩子要接受一次大手术,他的爱人将要生一对双胞胎。
5. 位置移动动词,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+现在分词,表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,常跟较近将来时间状语连用。
例句: the spring festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 该句是由and连接的并列句。
译文: 春节就要到了,城里人都在忙着做各种各样的准备。
6. 动词come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般现在时表示将来,表示已经预先计划安排好的或肯定发生的动作,主语常为事物名词。
例句: by the time you arrive in london, we will have stayed in europe for two weeks. (1994年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。arrive用一般现在时表示将来。
译文: 你到达伦敦时,我们将已经在欧洲待了两周了。
(五)现在进行时(present continuous tense)
1. 表示此刻正在进行或在目前限定时间内不断进行的动作。
例句: that may change fast: lots of proposed data security legislation is now doing the rounds in washington d.c..(选自XX年text 4)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的内容是对前面所提内容的进一步说明。
译文: 这一切很快就会改变: 很多提议的信息安全法规正在华盛顿逐一讨论。
例句:it?s no surprise that jennifer senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “i love my children, i hate my life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life enriching experience. (选自XX年text 4)
分析:该句中,破折号前是一个复合句,其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是jennifer senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引号中的内容与其前cover story为同位语关系;破折号后的内容是对前面陈述内容的解释,suggestion后是一个同位语从句。
译文:詹妮佛·森尼尔见解深刻、颇具煽动性的杂志封面文章《我爱我的孩子,我讨厌我的生活》引发了热烈的议论,这不足为奇——没有什么比“育儿绝非完全是实现自我、丰富生活的体验”这样的暗示更能引发人们的讨论了。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,而此刻并不一定在进行。
例句: the future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net based businesses. (XX年第30题)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释。
译文: 这家公司的未来生死未卜,它的许多有才能的雇员正流失到赚钱更多的网络行业中去。
例句: “data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says haim mendelson of stanford university?s business school.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修饰an asset。
译文: 斯坦福大学商学院的海姆·门德尔森说: “信息已成为一种资产,需要像其他资产一样加以保护。”
3. 表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这一用法见一般将来时用法5)。
4. 在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来正在进行的动作。
例句: take care when you are taking an exam.
put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.
注意: 表示状态、感觉或情感的动词不用于现在进行时,如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。
(六)将来完成时(future perfect tense)和将来完成进行时(future perfect continuous tense)
1. 表示将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
例句: it?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.
译文:据报道,到本月底这家工厂的水泥产量将要提升10。
例句: the conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
译文: 会议在结束前将持续整个星期。
2. 将来完成进行时则表示一个一直持续到将来某一时间的动作,可能还要持续下去。
例句: he pointed to the deserted house and said,“i will have been living there by the end of this year.”
译文:他指着那座被遗弃的房子说:“今年年底以前,我会一直住在那里。”
(七)一般过去时(simple past tense)
1. 表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in XX等。
例句: it was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (选自XX年use of english)
分析: 该句是复合句。其中it was...that是强调句型;which引导的定语从句修饰the context;within是定语从句中live后的介词,即live within the context。
译文: 正是在这个计算机时代,“信息社会”一词被广泛用来形容我们所生活的环境。
例句: the greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (XX年第61题)
分析: 该句是复合句。that后是一宾语从句,作assumed的宾语;which引导的定语从句修饰前面宾语从句中提到的内容,其中又套了一个由before引导的状语从句,宾语从句how diverse the language could be作realized的宾语。
译文: 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
2. 表示过去习惯性的动作或状态用used to/would+动词,前者表示今昔对比,即现在已不存在的过去的情况;而后者表示重复的行为,也可用来表示不规则的习惯。
例句: the defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the iq score,even though iq tests are not given as often as they used to be. (选自XX年text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句。even though引导让步状语从句:as often as后是比较状语从句。
译文: 虽然智商测试不再像以前那样频繁应用了,但是,界定人类智力的术语似乎仍然只是智商的得分。
例句: when the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at fault.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中what was at fault在句中作find的宾语。
译文: 当发动机启动不了时,机械师检查了所有的部件以便找出毛病。
注意: “be used to+名词或动名词”,表示“习惯于……,对……已感到习惯”,可以指现在, 也可指过去,不能与“used to+动词原形”表示“过去常常做……(而现在不)”混淆。
例句: during his year in the hospital, dr.joan was not used to treating patient this way.
译文: 在医院那阵子,约翰医生还不习惯那样对待病人。
例句:the rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. (选自XX年text 3)
分析:该句是复合句。介词短语to marketing success 在句中作后置定语,修饰guide;that you got what you paid for是一个表语从句,what you paid for作got的宾语。
译文:营销成功的大致策略过去常常就是你花钱买到自己想要的东西。
3. 用于日常对话中,可用来表示现在的动作或状态,口气上较为委婉。
例句: i wondered whether you?d attend to my sick daughter while i?m away.
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 我想知道在我外出时,你能否替我照顾生病的女儿。
二、时态一致(tense agreement)
从句和主句谓语动词应在时态上保持一致。
(一)主句动词是过去时态时,从句动词相应采用某种过去时态
例句: darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (XX年第50题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干结构为darwin was convinced that...。宾语从句中有not only...but...引导的并列结构;短语be injurious to的意思是“对……产生危害,有害……”。
译文: 达尔文确信,没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣,而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力,更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。
例句: publication of the letter came two days after lord irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in european legislation would be left to judges rather than to parliament. (选自XX年cloze test)
分析: 该句是复合句。在when引导的从句中,the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的宾语;过去分词短语contained in european作后置定语修饰the interpretation;主句部分为publication of the letter came;另一从句中的主语lord irvine与he同指一人。
译文: 艾尔文爵士曾声称,对于欧洲法律中所包含的隐私监督条款的解释工作将交由法官而非议会处理。此言一出,立即引起媒体的强烈抗议。两天后,他的信公开发表。
(二)下列情况不受时态一致的限制
1. 从句表示一个客观真理、一个人或物的经常性特点。
例句: the speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health as the united states does.
分析: 该句是复合句。claimed后接一宾语从句,其中not so...as意为“再没有比……更……的了”。
译文: 那位演讲者声称,没有哪个现代化国家像美国那样在公共援助和保健事业方面投入的财富比例如此之小。
2. 从句中有表示绝对过去的时间状语。
例句: several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to reverse, or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s. (1998年第36题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为several international events...seem likely to reserve,or at least...the trends;定语从句that emerged in the 1980s修饰the trends。
译文: 20世纪90年代初期发生的若干国际事件似乎有可能使80年代出现的趋势逆转或 至少是受到削弱。
例句: specialists in history and economics have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. (选自1998年cloze test)
分析: 该句是复合句,冒号后的两个并列句是前面two things的进一步解释说明,作其同位语,在后一分句中有两个并列谓语。
译文: 历史学和经济学方面的专家已证明了两件事: 从1650年到1750年期间以极度贫 困为特征,而工业化当然没有使这种状况恶化,事实上可能改善了大多数平民的生活条件。
3. 说话者强调动作正在进行或将要发生。
例句: the staff of the airport i met at the lounge just now told me the plane i will take leaves at nine.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句i met和i will take前分别省略了whom和which/that。
译文: 刚才在休息室碰到的一位机场工作人员说我将乘坐的那趟航班9点起飞。
4.从句是一个定语从句时。
例句: whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (XX年第65题)
分析: 该句是复合句,全句的主句为whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism。which引导的定语从句修饰determinism;定语从句中的谓语动词states后连接两个由that引导的宾语从句。
译文: 沃尔夫开始相信某种语言决定论,这种理论坚定地认为语言束缚思维,一种语言的语法模式会对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
例句: if railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. (选自XX年text 3)
分析: 该句是复合句。they argue是插入语;who引导的定语从句修饰shippers;分词短语 leaving remaining customers to...在句中作状语表示结果。
译文: 他们认为,如果铁路部门对所有客户都平均收费,那么可以转而选择卡车或其他运输方式的客户就会那么做。这样一来,剩余的客户就要承担维持铁路经营成本的费用。
5.从句是—个比较级结构时。
例句: she used to be much more irritable than she is now.
译文: 她过去比现在更容易发火。
例句: there ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.
分析: 该句是复合句。其中than后的比较状语从句中省略了相同部分there,全句应该为 there ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than there exists in the public mind today。
译文: 觉察到患癌的危险不应像现在这样在公众中造成过多的忧虑
三、情态动词(model verb)
情态动词所涉及的内容很多,这里主要介绍在研究生考试中出现的部分情态动词的重要用法。
(一)表“可能”情态动词的用法区别
大多数情态动词都表示“可能”,即说话人的一种推测,can,could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑推理上存在的可能性;而may,might则表示事实上的可能性,所以might,may,could,can仅表“可能”;should, ought, would, will表示“很有可能”,must表示“肯定”,上述表示可能性的顺序是由弱到强。
例句: while comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment. (XX年第50题)
分析: 该句是复合句,在主句it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment中,it是形式主语,真正在的主语是to rely on their...and make...;while引导一让步状语从句。
译文: 尽管律师的见解和反应可能会提高报道的质量,但新闻记者最好凭借自己对重要性的理解自行判断。
例句: and one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. (选自XX年text 3
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